"Anthropologie et Cinéma" par Marc-Henri Piault. Leçon 9 : Anthropologie et cinéma, morale et politique (English and Portuguese subtitles)

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Piault, Leçon 9, chapitre 1

Descriptif

Fr : Le cinéma direct, inventé par Rouch, s’est largement développé au Canada, en Australie et en Nouvelle-Zélande à partir des années soixante. La plupart des cinéastes et anthropologues anglo-saxons qui nous concernent, ont parcouru pour leur formation universitaire et professionnelle les différents pays anglophones où ils ont vécu et travaillé. Ils se connaissent presque tous et quelques-uns ont travaillé ensemble. 

En Australie, à partir de 1965 dix neuf courts métrages, sous la direction de Ian Dunlop en collaboration avec l’anthropologue Robert Tomkinson, filment la vie quotidienne de deux groupes aborigènes (People of the Australian Western Desert. A nineteen part series on the daily life and technology of some of the last Aboriginal families to live a traditional nomadic hunter-foodgather life in the desert). Puis Dunlop tourne avec l’anthropologue français Maurice Godelier (Baruya Village Life). A partir de 1971, Dunlop s’engage dans une entreprise à long terme (The Yrrkala Film Project) : il suit un groupe aborigène dont la vie a été bouleversée par l’ouverture d’une mine de bauxite, l’urbanisation et l’industrialisation capitaliste. Le tournage devient un journal collectif, suivant les étapes de la recherche. Enfin, avec un très ancien informateur, il construit une rétrospective-bilan qui devient une conversation entre deux hommes ayant partagé une expérience commune (Conversations with Dundiway Wanambi) et qui ouvre à la réflexion sur les dynamiques identitaires et les processus d’aménagements interculturels.

A partir des années soixante-dix, les cinéastes australiens, souvent en collaboration avec des anthropologues, situent leurs descriptions dans un contexte contemporain, partant de la position autochtone sur elle-même et sur le monde environnant. L’anthropologue Jerry Leach et le cinéaste Garry Kildea filment l’invention d’un rituel par une société dominée détournant l’ordre culturel imposé (Trobriand Cricket : an ingenious response to colonialism). Poursuivant le dévoilement d’une réalité nouvelle, Kildea tourne en 1978 avec Dennis O’Rourke un film sur la première grande campagne électorale en Papouasie-Nouvelle Guinée récemment indépendante (Ileksen). Par la suite O’Rourke filme, toujours en Papouasie-Nouvelle Guinée, la rencontre entre un groupe de touristes européens et américains remontant le fleuve Sepik et les habitants des villages riverains (Cannibal Tours), puis en Mélanésie une pêche rituelle au requin (The Sharkcallers of Kontu). Récusant l’identification avec l’ethnologie dont il craint les théorisations, O’Rourke revendique une liberté et la possibilité d’une éventuelle implication du cinéaste par rapport au sujet. Position en définitive assez proche de celle de Rouch. Certainement le développement des techniques du «cinéma léger», avec l’enregistrement synchrone de l’image et du son, contribue très largement à la prise en considération de l’autre comme tel. 

Eng :

Direct cinema, invented by Rouch, developed widely in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand at the beginning of the 1960s. Most of the English native filmmakers and anthropologists we are interested in traveled for their university and professional training in the various English-speaking countries where they lived and worked. Almost all of them know each other and some have worked together. In Australia, starting in 1965, nineteen short films, under the direction of Ian Dunlop in collaboration with anthropologist Robert Tomkinson, film the daily lives of two Aboriginal groups (People of the Australian Western Desert. A nineteen-part series on the daily life and technology of some of the last Aboriginal families to live a traditional nomadic hunter-food gather life in the desert).

In Australia, starting in 1965, nineteen short films, under the direction of Ian Dunlop in collaboration with anthropologist Robert Tomkinson, film the daily lives of two Aboriginal groups (People of the Australian Western Desert. Some of the last Aboriginal families to live a traditional nomadic life of hunter-gatherers of food in the desert). Then Dunlop films with French anthropologist Maurice Godelier (Baruya Village Life). Beginning in 1971, Dunlop becomes involved in a long-term project (The Yrrkala Film Project). He follows an Aboriginal group whose lives have been turned upside down by the opening of a bauxite mine, by urbanization and capitalist industrialization.

The shooting becomes a collective diary, following the stages of the research. Finally, with a former informant, he constructs a retrospective-evaluation that becomes a conversation between two men who shared a common experience (Conversations with Dundiwuy Wanambi) which opens up for a reflection on identity dynamics and processes of intercultural development. Beginning in the 1970s, Australian filmmakers, often in collaboration with anthropologists, placed their depictions in a contemporary context from the Aboriginal position on self and the surrounding world.

Anthropologist Jerry Leach and filmmaker Garry Kildea film the invention of a ritual by a dominated society that deviates from the imposed cultural order (Trobriand Cricket: an ingenious response to colonialism). Continuing to uncover a new reality, Kildea films in 1978 with Dennis O'Rourke about the first major election campaign in newly independent Papua New Guinea (Ileksen). Later, O'Rourke films, still in Papua New Guinea, the encounter between a group of European and American tourists sailing up the Sepik River and the riverside villagers (Cannibal Tours), then in Melanesia a ritual shark fishing (The Sharkcallers of Kontu). Rejecting identification with the ethnology whose theorizations he avoids, O'Rourke claims freedom and the possibility of a possible involvement of the filmmaker in relation to the subject. A position ultimately quite close to that of Rouch. Certainly, the development of "portable cinema" techniques, with the synchronous recording of image and sound, contributes greatly to the consideration of the other as such.

Pt :

O cinema direto, inventado por Rouch, desenvolveu-se amplamente no Canadá, Austrália e Nova Zelândia a partir dos anos sessenta. A maioria dos cineastas e antropólogos anglo-saxões que nos interessam viajaram para sua formação universitária e profissional nos vários países de língua inglesa onde viveram e trabalharam. Quase todos se conhecem e alguns trabalharam juntos. Na Austrália, a partir de 1965, dezenove curtas-metragens, sob a direção de Ian Dunlop em colaboração com o antropólogo Robert Tomkinson, filmam o cotidiano de dois grupos aborígines (People of the Australian Western Desert. A nineteen part series on the daily life and technology of some of the last Aboriginal families to live a traditional nomadic hunter-foodgather life in the desert) [Povos do Deserto Ocidental Australiano. Algumas das últimas famílias aborígenes a viver uma vida nômade tradicional de caçadores-coletores de alimentos no deserto].

Na Austrália, a partir de 1965, dezenove curtas-metragens, sob a direção de Ian Dunlop em colaboração com o antropólogo Robert Tomkinson, filmam o cotidiano de dois grupos aborígines (People of the Australian Western Desert. A nineteen part series on the daily life and technology of some of the last Aboriginal families to live a traditional nomadic hunter-foodgather life in the desert). Então Dunlop filma com o antropólogo francês Maurice Godelier (Baruya Village Life). A partir de 1971, Dunlop se envolve em um projeto de longo prazo (The Yrrkala Film Project). Ele segue um grupo aborígine cuja vida foi virada de cabeça para baixo pela abertura de uma mina de bauxita, pela urbanização e industrialização capitalista.

A filmagem torna-se um diário coletivo, seguindo as etapas da pesquisa. Por fim, com um ex-informante, ele constrói uma retrospectiva-avaliação que se torna uma conversa entre dois homens que compartilharam uma experiência comum, Conversations with Dundiwuy Wanambi [Conversas com Dundiwuy Wanambi] o que abre para uma reflexão sobre as dinâmicas identitárias e os processos de desenvolvimento intercultural.

A partir da década de 1970, cineastas australianos, muitas vezes em colaboração com antropólogos, colocaram suas descrições em um contexto contemporâneo, a partir da posição aborígine sobre si mesmo e sobre o mundo circundante.

O antropólogo Jerry Leach e o cineasta Garry Kildea filmam a invenção de um ritual por uma sociedade dominada que desvia a ordem cultural imposta (Trobriand Cricket: an ingenious response to colonialism) [Trobriand Cricket: uma resposta engenhosa ao colonialism]. Continuando a desvendar uma nova realidade, Kildea filma em 1978 com Dennis O'Rourke sobre a primeira grande campanha eleitoral na recém-independente Papua Nova Guiné (Ileksen). Posteriormente, O'Rourke filma, ainda na Papua Nova Guiné, o encontro entre um grupo de turistas europeus e americanos subindo o rio Sepik e os habitantes das aldeias ribeirinhas (Cannibal Tours), depois na Melanésia uma pesca ritual de tubarões (The Sharkcallers of Kontu). Rejeitando a identificação com a etnologia cujas teorizações ele evita, O’Rourke reivindica a liberdade e a possibilidade de um possível envolvimento do cineasta em relação ao sujeito. Posição, em última análise, bastante próxima à de Rouch. Certamente o desenvolvimento de técnicas de “cinema portátil”, com a gravação síncrona de imagem e som, contribui muito para a consideração do outro como tal.

Vidéos

Intervenants et intervenantes

Documentation

Ian Dunlop et Maurice Godelier

  • Village Life I, 54 mn, Film Australia, 1972.
  • Village Life II,  44mn, Film Australia, 1972.
  • Conversations with Dundiwuy Wanambi, 52 mn, 16 mm, Australie, 1995.

Gary Kildea, Trobriand Cricket : An Ingenious Response to Colonialism, 54 mn, 16 mm, Australie, 1975.

Gary kildea, Dennis O'Rourke, Ileksen, 57 mn, 16 mm, Australie, 1978. 

Dennis O'Rourke, Cannibal Tours, 70 mn, 35 mm, Australie, 1987.

David et Judith MacDougall

John Marshall et Adrienne Miesmer

Connolly et Anderson

Loizes, Peter, (1993), Innovation in ethnographic film: From innocence to self-consciousness, 1955-85, University of Chicago Press, 224p.